The Shift of Culture in Compton and the Transcendent...

In less than forty years, the city of Compton went from a shielded suburb near the confines of Los Angeles, to a terrorizing image of American culture. The results of this transformation and creation of â€Å"gangsta rap† is still well renowned today. Through de jure segregation, Reagan economics, undermining of black prosperity, N.W.A., and â€Å"Boyz n the Hood†, the city of Compton told its story and became a global image. This paper will analyze the shift of culture in Compton and the transcendent cultural effect it formed in America. Thousands of migrants in the 1920’s - 1950’s envisioned Compton, California as the perfect place to settle down and ideal center for industrial workers. That vision did come true for white Americans, although it†¦show more content†¦This was a unique case in African American history and one of the most compelling stories of Compton in my opinion. Blacks were predominant in a suburban setting for one of the few t imes in history. There was a very short window of overlapping segregation and black prosperity in the United States, but Compton fulfilled that window. Black students did well in Compton and Compton Community College became an excellent choice of education. During this time the first black mayor and councilmen were elected. African Americans were beginning to break social barriers in Compton. Compton took its most critical hit when deindustrialization struck. Manufactures followed other industries in seeking to lower their tax burden, open new markets, and increase their plant size. With more than one-third of Compton’s population employed in manufacturing, the city broke its social and economic threshold. The backlash stemmed from an increase in gang and drug related activities. The aging middle-class was increasingly outnumbered by a troubled youth. Children, who were once encouraged by their parents’ success, were now hanging their heads. By 1970 the Bloods and the Crips were created right outside of Compton. The â€Å"crack explosion† of the 1980’s only intensified crime, violence, and murder rates. From middle-class to neighborhood terror, the prosperity relinquished by African Americans in Compton had promptly crumbled right in front of everyone’s eyes. The issues created during this

Essay on European and Native American Relations - 1436 Words

Beginning in the sixteenth century, Europeans made the voyage to a â€Å"new world† in order to achieve dreams of opportunity and riches. In this other world the Europeans came upon another people, which naturally led to a cultural exchange between different groups of people. Although we commonly refer to European and Indian relations as being between just two very different groups of people, it is important to recognize this is not entirely true. Although the settlers of the new world are singularly referred to as Europeans, each group of people came from a different nation and with different motives and expectations of the new world. Similarly, the Indians were neither a united group nor necessarily friendly with each other. Due to the†¦show more content†¦While Verrazano speaks kindly of these courteous and generous groups, he also speaks of encounters with people he deems â€Å"full of crudity and vices.† He claims that interaction with these groups was dif ficult. He describes their attempts to trade with this group; â€Å"they sent us what they wanted to give on a rope, continually shouting to us not to approach the land.† This description provides us some insight into the feelings of the Indians towards these new European invaders. Their actions seem to be based on fear and apprehension towards these unknown men (Voices of Freedom, 9). Much of European criticism of Native American was based on differences in religion, land use, and gender relations. Most Europeans reasoned that Indians needed to be converted to the â€Å"true religion† of Christianity (Give Me Liberty, 11). In fact, Verrazano concluded that the Indians had â€Å"no religion or laws† (Voices of Freedom, 10). The Europeans did not understand the Indians’ use of the land and thus justified overtaking it, reasoning that they did not truly â€Å"use† it. Some Europeans criticized gender relations, claiming that women lacked freedom due to their work in the fields (Give me Liberty, 12-13). Others, like Verrazano, criticized the Indians for having â€Å"absolute freedom† in which they did not abide to any laws due to ignorance (Voices of Freedom, 10). Regardless ofShow MoreRelatedEuropean Relations With Native Americans1264 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Bossong History II Honors Mr. Hartwell 3/2/16 European Relations with Native Americans As the Europeans arrived on American shores, they encountered a variety of native peoples. Some were living in advanced civilizations; others were living as simple hunter-gatherer cultures. By the time of the first European contact, in 1492, European settlers interacted with the native peoples in different ways. 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7-Eleven Inquiry Largest Convenience and Petrol Retailers

Question: Discuss about the7-Eleven Inquiry for Largest Convenience and Petrol Retailers. Answer: Introduction 7-Eleven is considered to be the largest convenience and petrol retailers in Australia. Fair Work Authorities of Australia was receiving regular reports on various inaccuracies in the employee wages records and actual payment since 2008. A number of inquiries took place and on various points 7-Eleven authorities were punished for various employees and wages related offense. April 2016, a report was submitted to Fair Work authorities who reflected that again underpayment of wages to employees and falsification of employment records were happening in Australias largest convenience retailers (Gollan, 2009). The inquiry disclosed that 7-Eleven is deliberately manipulating the records to cover the underpayment of wages and at a concerning level disobeying the rules of the Fair Work Act 2009 and Fair Work Regulations 2009. The report also examines the reason for such behavior and non-compliance of the franchisee of 7-Eleven model with Fair Work Act 2009. Few recommendations were made by th e report to improve the working of the 7-Eleven regarding providing benefits and rights to the employees which they all were liable of (Bussell Farrow, 2011). Fair Work Act has called the management of the giant convenience store 7-Eleven to submit the business model that the company is following that helps in encouraging wage fraud and illegal work conditions in the franchise network across the world. As per the report, FWO states that 7-Eleven has intentionally mixed the issue of wage fraud in its franchise network by failing in using the systems and methods to find out the deliberate worker exploitation happening across the franchise network. After the report had got published, FWO concluded and asked 7-Eleven to enter into an obedience or compliance agreement. As per the report of FWO, it is being identified that workers have accepted the underpay culture of the company and therefore they work for lower wages and unlawful work conditions (James, 2016). FWO planned and taken numerous steps to stop this theory of accepting the things as they are. But this proved to be a challenging situation for FWO. Most of the franchisers of 7-Eleven w ere either new or recent migrants, and they were not aware of the industrial laws need to be followed by them in Australia. This created a lot of fraudulent practices regarding wages and worked hours of employees to gear up. It was expected from 7-Eleven that proper guidance would be provided to the franchisees by the employment system of Australia, but nothing of that sought happened. FWO could not take any step against the franchisee and the company because the franchisee does not come under the jurisdiction of FWO; it comes under the franchising code of conduct that is a part of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Still, FWO was working on the employee rights of 7-Eleven (Colvin, 2014). In the last eight years FWO has conducted numerous raids and audits that have shown serious wage frauds and compliance issues. The report clearly states that many franchise stores of 7-Eleven has intentionally engaged themselves in paying their employees less wages and making them work for longer hours. They have not maintained proper records of the employees and their working hours and the payment made to them for their work. 7-Eleven generally hire visa-holder students who want money but are not permitted to work full-time. They get ready to work for just 10-12 $ per hour, whereas, Australia employment system has clearly stated the minimum hour wages to be paid to employees. FWO has clear proofs regarding the issues of wage frauds happening, but serious steps were not taken by FWO to control these issues. FWO has just sent some notices to the company and also given suggestions to it, but strict actions were not a part of it. FWO doesnt have the authority to punish the franchisee st ores those were found using fraudulent practices (Massey, 2015). All these years 7-Eleven has a reasonable basis to inquire about the frauds that were brought into light by the audits and raids of FWO. Still, FWO has not taken any responsible steps to solve these issues. 7-Eleven always said that they want to enter into the compliance with FWO, but every time they come up with different points that they want to negotiate with the FWO. Thus, they never actually followed the suggestions and recommendations made by the FWO. Whenever FWO inquired about the progress made by the 7-Eleven they were always told that the management of 7-Eleven would make sure that all the employees receive their wages they are entitled to. FWO has also stated that though 7-Eleven welcomed the changes in the business model and payroll system but these changes could have been brought earlier by the company. FWO has been sending the inquiry reports to the management of 7-Eleven, but they have shown a lack of co mmitment to introduce any big changes in its wage system or in the process of reviewing the stores and its working. These inquiry reports included the details on the fraudulent practices happening in the franchise stores across the network. FWO has audited around 55 stores out of which more than thirty percent of stores were following fraudulent practices in their wage system and records of employees. FWO initiated a program for the franchisors and franchisees to assist them in compliance issues in their business, which was declined by 7-Eleven (Cox, 2016). The management of the 7-Eleven is being said that they have brought in a special investigation team that monitors the issues related to wages and records of employees, and also the biometric system will be introduced in the stores from mid 2016 as suggested by the FWO. This shows that 7-Eleven has accepted the fact that there are a lot of problems with the business model it is following. It accepts the responsibility of eliminating the unethical practices from its business (Perez, 2015). Though 7-Eleven says that it cannot cancel the franchisee for wage fraud due to the franchise contract which FWO contradict, as according to them 7-Eleven has full right to cancel the contract of fraudulent franchiser but it is not taking the steps to do that. FWOs report specifies the weak position of FWO in comparison with other regulating laws and policies developed and regulating in Australia (Nadasen, 2012). FWO doesnt have enough power that it can compel the employers and witnesses to be presen t in an interview that is needed to be taken to get a clear picture of the inquiry conducted on the issue. This report also pressurizes the government of Australia to consider the current laws and system of industrial relation and check whether the penalties for the fraudulent practices are strong enough to punish the culprits. If these penalties were strong enough then more than thirty percent of 7-Eleven franchisers would not have been indulged into fraudulent practises of wage fraud and manipulation of employees work records (Weiping Chen, 2011). There are many gaps in the system of industrial relations due to which 7-Eleven fraud took place. Mainly FWO doesnt have enough power to deal seriously with the people who were going against the industrial law and not giving the required benefits to its employees that they were liable to. Lack of decision-making power is also a reason that gave 7-Eleven a chance to practice the frauds for such a long time. Even after the inquiry, audits and raids Fair Work Act were not able to decide the action that needs to be taken against the illegal practices practiced by the 7-Eleven (Nunweek, 2015). It was the government departments mistake that gave power to such companies to misuse their power and exploit the employees and their rights. Recommendations were given to 7-Eleven by the FWO like setting up of a reserve fund that guarantees to repay workers if in case the franchisee fails to solve the wage discontinuity, running a fully fledged CCTV system in all the 7-Eleven franchises across the network, using biometric time recording system to record employees entry and exit, and inclusion of employees photographic identification. These recommendations were made by FWO to bring sustainability in the culture of compliance in the franchise network and to make sure that all the records are kept properly. All the recommendations made by FWO that guarantees the removal of fraudulent practices in the session (Creighton, 2011). FWO has recommended few solutions to 7-Eleven that will help the employees to get their rights and benefits in future. FWO has suggested 7-Eleven to set up a guaranteed fund that will help to repay the employees in-case the franchisee fails to way its employees the negotiated wages. This way none of the employees will be exploited and will be paid for the work they did for the company. Secondly, FWO suggests that 7-Eleven franchisees should enter into a compliance partnership with Fair Work Act, which would help the company in understanding a better way to deal with their employees and also information about the rights and benefits that an employee should give to his employees (ONeill, 2015). A biometric system needs to be installed in all the franchisees to keep the data of the working hours of the employees. A biometric system is a reliable method that will help the company to protect the employees data to get manipulated by the franchisers. 7-Eleven do audits of their franchisee w hich was not recommended by assessing the current situations of the franchisee network. FWO recommended engaging external auditing party that may conduct the annual audits of all the franchisees to get the correct picture of the actual accounts of each franchisee (el-Ojeili, 2009). This fraudulent practice taken up by the franchisers has left a very negative impact on the image of 7-Eleven. Therefore, FWO suggested to publicly accepting the responsibilities of their moral and ethics towards their staff. This will help in improving the image of the company in the market. If 7-Eleven develop their business model according to the recommendations made to it than all the complaints of employees regarding exploitation will come to an end (Dorsett Lafferty, 2010). Conclusion This is the fact that the network of franchisee of 7-Eleven has been found guilty of exploiting their employees, and lot of improvement is required in the business model of 7-Eleven to help the employees to get their rights and benefits and also bound the franchisers, so that they also do not attempt any other fraudulent practices in the franchisee. For this FWO has been doing regular audits and inquiries to get the clear picture of the current situation of the working of the franchisees of 7-Eleven, but no effective actions were taken to stop these practices in last eight years. It is very important that effective and strong steps should be taken against the franchiser who tries to manipulate the employees records and so not pay them their actual wages set up by Australian Law. FWO do not have sufficient power so that it can punish the wrong doings which are a huge drawback in the industrial system of Australia. This gives the culprits a confidence to continue their wrong doings. 7- Eleven has promised that from now on their will no such fraudulent practices will occur in their franchisee, but this kind of promises has been made before also. So it becomes the Government duty to confirm that the company is actually following the rules set by the government to protect the rights of workers. Then only franchisers and management of 7Eleven will take the report of FWO seriously and follow rules of the government. References Bussell, S. Farrow, J. (2011). Practitioner Review: Continuity and Change: The Fair Work Act in Aviation.Journal Of Industrial Relations,53(3), 392-401. Colvin, A. (2014). Book Review: Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australia's Fair Work Act in International Perspective.ILR Review,67(1), 274-276. Cox, D. (2016).7-Eleven cash-back scheme 'still alive and kicking', union claims.ABC News. Retrieved 5 September 2016, Creighton, B. (2011). A Retreat from Individualism? The Fair Work Act 2009 and the Re-collectivisation of Australian Labour Law.Industrial Law Journal,40(2), 116-145. Dorsett, S. Lafferty, G. (2010). Good Faith and the Fair Work Act : Its Potential, in Light of the New Zealand Experience.The Economic And Labour Relations Review,21(1), 53-67. el-Ojeili, C. (2009). Reviews: Milan Zafirovski, Liberal Modernity and its Adversaries: Freedom, Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism in the 21st Century (Brill, 2007).Thesis Eleven,97(1), 134-136. Gollan, P. (2009). Australian industrial relations reform in perspective: Beyond Work Choices and future prospects under the Fair Work Act 2009.Asia Pacific Journal Of Human Resources,47(3), 260-269. James, N. (2016).Welcome to the Fair Work Ombudsman website.Fair Work Ombudsman. Retrieved 5 September 2016, Massey, D. (2015). The Legacy of the 1968 Fair Housing Act.Sociol Forum,30, 571-588. Nadasen, P. (2012). Citizenship Rights, Domestic Work, and the Fair Labor Standards Act.J. Policy Hist.,24(01), 74-94. Nunweek, J. (2015).Lessons from 7-Elevens scam.Overland literary journal. Retrieved 5 September 2016, ONeill, D. (2015). Divided opinion on the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2013: Random or systematic differences?.Economics Letters,136, 175-178. Perez, T. (2015). The Fair Labor Standards Act: A Living Document.Industrial Relations: A Journal Of Economy And Society,54(4), 529-532. Weiping Chen,. (2011). Franchisee perceived relationship value and loyalty in a franchising context: assessing the mediating role of franchisee satisfaction and the moderating role of franchisee characteristics.Afr. J. Bus. Manage.,5(28).

The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production Essay Example

The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production Paper However, beyond a certain point, which is defined as overpopulation, diminishing returns might set in and these advantages Of a argue population will vanish. In 1 990, the world population was 1. 6 billion people, currently a total of approximately 6 billion people inhabit the earth and this number is projected to reach 16. 4 billion, more than double todays population by the year 2060. As the population continues to explode, many researchers and theorists fear that Earths carrying capacity will be met in the near future, and if the predictions come true, it will be tragic and devastating for many. The problem of overpopulation is an issue that faces societies around the world and is not just increasing steadily, but exponentially. The problems of Overpopulation come with many social, economical, environmental issues. Although problems of overpopulation cannot necessarily be prevented and eliminated, technology is being used to help improve the situations. In this essay, I want to focus the attention on the threat of overpopulation to managements ethos of mass-production and mass-consumption by using three illustrations. In the following discussion, I will first examine the negative consent ounce of resources shortage and the environmental degradation, which are the most direct effects caused by overpopulation to mass-production and mass-consumption. This will be followed by the threat of the rising unemployment and social unrest to management. The 3 illustrations I want to use are the overpopulation in China, India and Australia respectively. With just over 1. 3 billion people, China is the worlds most population country, taking up roughly 25% of the worlds population. We will write a custom essay sample on The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Threat of Overpopulation on Mass-Production specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Specifically, for every kilometer, approximately 139. 6 people are living in the radius. Overpopulation has been such a problem that China has confined each couple to bear only one child. However, In the next few decades, India, he worlds second most populous country is expected to surpass China in population. Also, Indians high population growth is not only focused on the poor sections of society but also results in sub-standard conditions for growing segments of the Indian population. The last illustration is Australia, as it is regard as a last frontier by many people because it has a relatively small population of just over 1 8 million people together with vast amount of mineral wealth and resources. Is Australia is not safe from the challenge of overpopulation, then who can be? In the following analysis, will use the sever honeymoon caused by overpopulation in these three countries to illustrate the threat of overpopulation on current management. Scarcity of resources and environment degradation It is obvious that overpopulation results in mass-consumption in a large extent. The average level of consumption is very high and a majority of people consume a large amount of goods and services. In addition, mass- production is in reality the process of utilizing more energy and resources to increase the productivity and efficiency. To put it simply, the more inhabitants living in the earth, the greater the need. Because of overpopulation, people consume more, putting increasing strains on the resources that sustain mankind. However, those resources fail to deal with the burgeoning demand. In the following, will analyses the effect of the shortage of two major resources, namely, food and energy, due to overpopulation, on mass- production and mass-consumption. Assessment of food shortage One of the main consequences of overpopulation is an increasing total demand for food. Specifically, insufficient growth in agricultural production may seriously harm the mass-production of the sector of agricultural, induce argue scale hunger and malnutrition in the poor region, and even jeopardize the social economic development of the entire society. For example, India prides itself on having been self-sufficient in food production for decades, but the fact is that India has 16. 8% of worlds population but only 2. 42% of the land area and 4% of water resources. According to the International Food Policy Research Institutes 2011 Global Hunger Index, it ranks 67 out of 81 countries and has more than 200 million food-insecure people, the most in the world (Bureau Report, 2012). What is worse, according to EUNICE, a third f the worlds malnourished children live in India and overpopulation seems to be one of the main reasons (World radio, 2012). Another example is the rapid population growth in Australia, triggering a process of land use to less and less and even to intensification. Also, because of the rapid growth in population, urban area considerably spread to farmland and natural areas, which affect the quality life of residents and reduced the functional capacity of natural resources (Socks, 1 996, 117). There is no doubt that the sever consequence Of above examples are the result Of overpopulation. In order to tackle the problem of food shortage, one of the goals is to increase food and land production. And there are two methods to achieve these objectives, through extending cultivated land acreage as well as through increasing yields. However, both ways require a vast amount of investment in land development and irrigation. This put great threats on the mass-production of agriculture. Because rather than by increasing land productivity, most of the underdeveloped countries have until now responded to overpopulation by increasing more land acreage under litigation; but the problem is that there are not enough arable land and most of countries have already exhausted the supply of arable land, therefore, they are facing a sudden need to increase yields, which is regard as significantly more difficult due to insufficient money ability to invest in technology to improve the land productivity. This great threat, challenging the mass-production in agriculture, probably explains why the developing countries are losing the capacity to feed themselves. In turn, this threat will ultimately result In a society of mass poverty, which is contrary to a society of ass-consumption. Assessment of scarcity of energy Another consequence of overpopulation is energy shortage. The abrupt increase in oil price, natural gas and coal, and the difficulty of discovery of new energy sources signal that energy supplies were virtually exhaustible. For instance, in China, most major cities are facing power cut as the energy demand peaks; therefore, most of the factories are force to stop pumping out goods. India is another nation facing energy crisis. Insufficient of energy, such as coal, oil and natural gas, require India to import increasing amount of expensive fossil fuels, which haven taken toll on the Indians economic development. Also, in order to protect their domestic consumers from the global high cost of energy, most of the state-run energy companies are racking up billions of dollar in losses by selling relatively low price fossil fuel. From the example above, we can see that the increasing demand of energy drive up prices of energy and raw materials and put pressure on ports and transportation lines. Thus, most of the energy-consuming factories have to save energy by reducing the energy intensity and improving energy efficiency. The high price of input and a wide margin for saving energy, again put a great threat on the mass-production of factories. Factories face a dilemma of balancing the energy conservation as well as the increased efficiency in the use of energy and the industrialization and the development process, which require a great consumption of power. From the assessment of the shortage of food and energy, we can conclude that given present zooming consumption rates and the estimated increase in these rates because of overpopulation, the real per capital cost of providing people with a multitude of goods and services based on natural resources, such as water, food, raw materials, fossil fuels and so forth, will inevitably and markedly increase. What is worse,. Continuing population growth and the endless search for economic development have contributed to the environmental damage. In addition, environmental degradation may be imposed by the scarcity of natural resources As Australias cities continue to grow, they are facing an increasing problem in disposal of solid waste. According to State of the Environment Advisory Council, each Australian produces 681 kilograms of garbage per year, while his figure is 513 kilograms in other industrial nations. Handwriting (1996) pointed out that New South Wales, the most populous state in Australia, is facing an environment crisis due to a growing mountain of tires being dumped on native bush land and private farming properties. Unscrupulous operators are dumping or burying more than one quarter of the five million tires Worn Out in New South Wales each year on secluded bush sites or leased private properties. There is no doubt that most factories and companies have to deal with the environmental problem and of course the government will tackle the environmental pollution by fining the manufacturers and make more environmental constraints on them. Therefore, Taking into account of the scarcity of resources and environment degradation, entrepreneurs suffer rising input prices such as land prices and price of raw materials because of the smaller amount of the resources and the difficulty to gain assess to the resource. This, In turn, manifests in higher price for goods and service, which consumers suffer from. This violates the low cost purpose of mass- production. As a consequence, overpopulation puts a great threat on impasses, which focusing on mass-production to survive and even make profit in the competitive market. They have to invest considerable amount of money and energy into tech oenology to cut the cost of the entire process of the mass-production and increase efficiency in order to achieve the leading position on the market. This will further exacerbate the competitive threats in the market. In addition, the society of mass consumption is the result of a higher purchasing power, as well as of social struggles for a better share of the production benefits. However, due to overpopulation, the price level rises ND then the future purchasing power of money will go down and people are difficult to gain the benefit of mass-production. This also goes against the purpose of mass-consumption. Increasing unemployment rate and social unrest Overpopulation not only put great threat on the higher input prices for mass- production and on the difficulty of investing in technology to cut price and increase efficiency but also put great on sever social issues, such as increasing unemployment rate and social unrest. Because of overpopulation, the competition for available jobs is tremendous. According to the latest World Development Report by the World Bank, Indians youth unemployment was 9. 9% for males and 11. 3% for females in 2010, while, in 1985, the figures were 8. % and 8%, respectively. The rising youth unemployment rate, is virtually 50% more than the national average, or total unemployment rate (Skunk, 201 2). This figure is shocking. Another example of growing unemployment is the immigration problem in Australia. In Australia, immigrant, who mainly contributed to the rapid of population growth in Australia, adverse ly influence the unemployment issue. The increase in immigration create the excess supply of labor and hence unemployment. The immigration minister Chris Evans said he would decide whether to slash Australias migrant intake if the unemployment was continuously rising. Thus, it is clear that because of overpopulation, the supply of labor excess the demand, which cause unemployment. This either forces down the real wage or the real wage rigidity. If the real wage falls, the disposable income will decrease as well. And because of the higher prices for goods and services caused by the shortage of resources, People do not have sufficient income to arches a great amount of goods and services, greatly challenging the ethos of mass-consumption. As a result the ethos of mass-production is likely to be impaired, as mass-production in fact is backed by mass-consumption. In terms of social unrest, low income employees might strike in order to strive for higher income, leading to great social unrest. In addition, the conflicts between Pakistan and India on water resource are especially sensitive since both highly-populated, fast growing countries have nuclear weapons. This is one of the social problems exacerbated by a resource limitation because of overpopulation. It is no doubt that all the social unrest will jeopardize the usual operation of many factories and companies, and is therefore eventually challenge the ethos of mass-production and mass-consumption. Conclusion In sum, the stress and strain caused by overpopulation is actually so tangible that resources are mercilessly exploited to cater to the ever-increasing needs of growing population. Also, the the external environmental costs of population growth are pervasive and cumulative, as for each small incremental increase in population, there will be a large incremental impact n the environment since much of what is left is marginal and sensitive to disturbance. The increasing demand for the scarce resource and environmental degradation caused by overpopulation, result in the high price for input and producing goods. This surely goes against the low price purpose of mass-production. What is more, manager are difficult in finding feasible solutions to solve the high cost of operation and to solve the situation of low- consumption, caused by high-cost products and low real income. Also, the high unemployment rate and increasing social unrest caused by overpopulation impede the normal operation of production. We should know that he rapid rise in world population is not creating problems only for the developing countries.